Speaking of blockchain, many people still think it is a high-end cutting-edge technology.
If someone said that he had launched a chain a few years ago, he would be a big shot.
But now, the tracks of various chains are overcrowded. Just looking at Ethereum's Layer2 project,
A rough look shows that there may be more than 6,000 in the entire encryption industry!
As we all know, there is an impossible triangle in blockchain. Blockchain cannot take into account the three dimensions of scalability, security and decentralization at the same time.
For example, our TBC and Ethereum main chains are both full of security and decentralization, but the scalability is poor, and the number of transactions per second (TPS) is well known to be poor.
The TPS of Ethereum mainnet is about 20, while the TPS of Bitcoin mainnet is only 7.
Some developers use Layer2 solutions to patch, sacrificing some security and decentralization, and try to migrate the transaction data processed by the main chain to outside the main chain to increase transaction speed and load. At present, most layer2 TPS are several thousand. Considering that large-scale application scenarios are limited and most on-chain interactions are currency trading, this TPS should be completely sufficient.
Is it difficult to make a layer2 chain?
In fact, it is not difficult at all. There is a track called RAAS (Rollups-as-a-Service). This service provider supports "one-click chain issuance". It is said that a chain can be created in 10 minutes. （Show the official website recording video）
And you can choose any ecosystem: Bitcoin/Ethereum/Solana are all no problem
It still uses the most advanced zk-rollup
Just tell me, is it awesome or not!
The example I just gave is Lumoz.
There are many other well-known players in this track, such as AltLaye, which is a leader in the RAAS track. It was launched on Binance at the end of January this year, and currently has FDV of more than 2 billion.
The feature of the Altlayer project is that it invented a re-staking Rollup framework.
Are you confused after hearing this? Rollup, ZK, what do these have to do with Layer2?
Now let's popularize the technical path of Layer2. At present, most of the second-layer chains use the following three technologies:
This method allows two or more parties to conduct multiple transactions off-chain, and only submit the final state to the blockchain at the end of the transaction. A typical example is the Lightning Network, which is mainly used for Bitcoin.
This solution is a bit like writing an IOU. Suppose you run a restaurant, and there is a pork seller who comes to your place for a meal every day, and you have to buy pork from him every day. Under normal circumstances, you have to make two transactions every day. But if you keep accounts every day and settle accounts at the end of the month, you will only have one transaction in a month.
This solution is particularly suitable for long-term, repeated, small payments, but it is not suitable for temporarily adding or reducing participants. Therefore, the Lightning Network is currently used more in exchange account transfers, and other scenarios are more restricted.
A sidechain is an independent blockchain that uses its own consensus mechanism but is connected to the main chain (parent chain) through a two-way anchor. Sidechains can freely implement different functions and optimizations, while the main chain still maintains its main security and stability.
The famous Polygon uses this solution. When a user sends Ethereum from the mainnet to Polygon, the transfer never actually happens. What really happens is that the transferred amount is locked on the mainnet and a mirror version of the asset is minted on Polygon. This is why Ethereum sent to Polygon can be used as wETH (Wrapped Ethereum).
The third technical solution is rollups, which works by rolling multiple transactions into a single piece of data on the mainchain.
It's like you go to a restaurant and order 50 dishes at once, but you don't need to pay 50 times, just once.
And this technical solution also has two paths:
They are OP and ZK, which are Optimism and Zero Knowledge.
OP rollup is very optimistic, assuming that all the rolled-in data is valid, just like when you go to a restaurant to pay, you believe that the restaurant bill is correct. In order to prevent fraudulent transactions, the OP rollup protocol allows people to submit challenges to false transactions. Fraudulent transactions are submitted directly on the Ethereum network to check whether they are legal and resolve disputes.
The Arbitrum/Base chains we are familiar with all use OP rollups.
Zk-rollups work on a type of cryptography called zero-knowledge proof, which allows someone to mathematically prove that a statement is correct without disclosing other information about the statement. It's like encrypting every dish you order and generating a unique password in the end. As long as the password matches, it's impossible for the store to tamper with your menu.
The recently controversial zkSync uses zk rollups.
In addition, the familiar merlin chain also uses zk rollups
Which one is more advanced, OP or ZK?
V God has repeatedly said "OP in the short term, ZK in the long term". OP has a low threshold and has now formed a scale effect, but it is not as secure as ZK. Therefore, there is also a saying that ZK technology is the end of Layer2.
The disadvantage of ZK is that it consumes too much computing power.
The modularization that is popular in this round can fill the shortcoming of consuming too much computing power.
From a technical point of view, a Rollup is divided into at least 3 modules:
Data Availability (DA), Sequencer, Prover.
Generally speaking, Data Availability (DA) means that the block producer publishes all the transaction data of the block to the network, so that the validator can download it.
The Sequencer is responsible for sorting, organizing, packaging and submitting transactions in the Layer 2 network to the Layer 1 network.
The Prover needs to prove through cryptography that the data of Layer 2 is consistent with the data uploaded to the Layer 1 network.
Among these modules, projects in the DA and Sequencer fields have achieved remarkable success. For example, Celestia and EigenDA, which have a market value of tens of billions, have set an example for the modular development of blockchain. However, in the ZK-Rollup field, the cost of the Prover module is even higher than that of DA, and there is no strong competitor yet. Lumoz is currently the only computing power provider in this field.
The Lumoz team has good technical strength. They have improved the ZKP algorithm, significantly improved the utilization of machine resources in the cluster, and further accelerated the ZKP calculation. The average transaction confirmation time was successfully shortened from about 5-6 minutes to about 3 minutes, and the ZKP generation efficiency was increased by about 80%.
Lumoz also introduced the concept of ZK-PoW, inviting miners to participate in maintaining zkEVM and calculating ZKP. Lumoz's goal is to simplify the use of ZK-Rollup and promote its wider adoption, thereby promoting the large-scale deployment of zkEVM-based application chains.
Speaking of this, do you feel that the Lumoz project is very powerful?
Yes, their strength is also very recognized in the encryption industry. It is said that they have supported more than 20 Layer2 chains such as Merlin Chain, Hashkey Chain, Ultiverse, Matr1x, etc.
Isn't it very explosive?
You should know that most of the Raas service providers on the market can only provide OP roll ups services, but the emergence of Lumoz has made zk rollups also able to launch chains with one click.
If you are hurt by zkSync during an airdrop, this lumoz can help you get revenge and copy a zkSync in ten minutes.
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