以太坊联合创始人 Vitalik Buterin 近日发表了题为《以太坊协议的未来可能性（第二部分：The Surge）》的文章，详细讨论了以太坊未来的发展方向，并重点解读了"The Surge"阶段的核心目标和技术路线。Vitalik 预计以太坊网络将在 L1 和 L2 的协同下，实现超过 100,000 TPS，同时保持 L1 的去中心化特性和稳健性，并且推动 L2 完全继承以太坊的信任、开放和抗审查等关键属性。
在提高 TPS 的核心技术中，Vitalik 提到将通过结合数据可用性抽样（DAS）与 SNARK 等技术，实现更高的扩展性和数据处理效率。其中，DAS 技术中的 PeerDAS 和 SubnetDAS 是提升以太坊数据可用性和带宽的关键，目标是在每个 slot 达到 16MB 数据可用性频宽，并通过与 Rollups 数据压缩技术的结合，预计实现约 58,000 TPS 的提升。
为进一步优化 TPS，Vitalik 提出要推进 1D 和 2D DAS 技术，以及改进数据压缩技术来减少链上交易所需空间，例如通过使用 BLS 签名和更高效的地址序列化来优化交易。此外，Generalized Plasma 技术的应用，将有望提升至 266,667 TPS，从而进一步增强隐私性和可扩展性。
在跨 L2 互操作性方面，Vitalik 提出了几个关键改进方案，以简化用户体验并减少对中心化桥接方案的依赖。包括链特定地址与付款请求的应用、跨链资产交换与 gas 支付的标准化协议、以及轻客户端技术等，这些将使得 L2 的使用更加流畅和安全。Vitalik 强调，L2 协议、钱包与 L1 的紧密合作至关重要，特别是在 MEV 相关的共享排序问题上，需确保标准化过程的平衡。
针对以太坊 L1 的扩展，Vitalik 提出了三大策略：提高 gas 限制、降低特定操作的 gas 成本，以及原生集成 Rollups 技术。这些策略旨在确保 L1 能够继续支持不断扩展的 L2 生态，同时维持以太坊作为基础层的去中心化特性和长期安全性。
Vitalik 最后强调，扩容策略需围绕哪些活动应保留在 L1、哪些活动适合转移到 L2 的核心目标进行调整，避免不必要的 gas 限制提升，以保护以太坊 L1 的去中心化优势。
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