ETH Zurich Researchers Achieve Breakthrough in Controlling Sound Waves

In the natural world, waves are democratic by nature. Whether it’s the sound of voices, the glow of light, or the rhythmic movement of ocean waves, they all flow in both directions without bias. For most of our everyday experiences, this two-way movement is perfectly fine. But what if we needed waves to travel in only one direction — like traffic on a one-way street?
A team of researchers from ETH Zurich has just accomplished that feat, successfully directing sound waves to travel forward without any backward reflection. This breakthrough, led by Professor Nicolas Noiray and his colleagues, represents a major leap forward in wave control technology, with potential implications for fields like communications, radar, and beyond. The achievement is even more remarkable because the researchers accomplished this without weakening the strength of the sound waves.

The Problem of Reflected Waves
The concept of controlling wave propagation — making waves move in just one direction — has fascinated scientists for years. Reflected waves, which occur when waves bounce back in the direction they came from, create real-world problems in many applications. For instance, in radar and communication systems, these backward-moving waves can interfere with signals, causing them to become garbled or reducing the overall system efficiency.
Attempts to resolve this issue have been made before. A decade ago, researchers managed to stop sound waves from bouncing back, but the process weakened the forward-moving waves. This trade-off limited the technology’s practical applications.
Professor Noiray and his team, working in collaboration with Romain Fleury from EPFL, tackled this challenge head-on. After years of effort, they have finally developed a solution — one that prevents sound waves from reflecting backward while preserving and even amplifying their strength as they move forward.

The Power of Self-Oscillations
The key to this breakthrough lies in something called self-oscillations, which are cyclical movements within a system that repeat without any external force driving them. These oscillations are often seen as problematic, particularly in systems like airplane engines, where they can cause dangerous vibrations. But Noiray and his team found a way to harness these oscillations to create a one-way path for sound waves.
Their innovative solution starts with a disk-shaped cavity through which air is blown at just the right intensity to produce a whistling sound. But this isn’t your typical whistle. Instead of creating a standing wave, where sound bounces back and forth inside a confined space, this system generates a spinning wave.
The team then added three pathways, or waveguides, arranged in a triangular pattern. When a sound wave enters the first waveguide, it travels smoothly through the system and moves forward into the second waveguide. However, if the sound wave tries to enter from the second waveguide, it’s blocked and redirected into a separate third path, ensuring the wave can only move forward.

Stronger Waves Without Backward Reflection
The ETH Zurich team tested their design with sound waves at a frequency of around 800 Hertz, a pitch close to that of a high soprano note. The experiment worked. Not only did the sound waves travel forward without reflecting backward, but they also emerged from the system stronger than when they entered, thanks to the energy boost provided by the self-oscillations in the circulator.
“This concept of loss-compensated non-reciprocal wave propagation is, in our view, an important result that can also be transferred to other systems,” said Professor Noiray.

Beyond Sound: A New Frontier for Wave Control
While this discovery is centered on sound waves, the potential applications go much further. Technologies that rely on electromagnetic waves, such as radar and advanced communication systems, could benefit from this kind of one-way control. Precision and directionality are crucial in these fields, and being able to route signals without interference could lead to significant improvements in efficiency and performance.
The one-way routing of waves could also be useful in topological circuits, where guided pathways are essential for efficient signal transmission. By applying this new concept, future communication networks might be able to send signals with far less interference, boosting the reliability and clarity of transmissions.

A New Way Forward
In a field often marked by the limits of physics and practical applications, the team at ETH Zurich has found a new path — literally. By discovering a way to control sound waves and prevent backward reflection while enhancing the forward-moving signal, they have opened the door to numerous technological advances. Whether in sound, radar, or communication systems, this breakthrough could reshape the way we think about wave propagation in the years to come.